Three years ago in British Columbia, oil and gas field service workers were unloading liquid hazardous waste from a pup tank into an open hopper at a hazardous waste processing facility. The pup tank was connected to a vacuum truck. Flammable gas and vapour were released into the atmosphere and were able to enter the truck engine’s air intake system. Because the truck’s engine had been left running, the concentrated airborne gas and vapour ignited and caused a flash fire. One worker suffered serious burn injuries.
Vacuum trucks are used extensively in the oil and gas industry to clean up and carry waste material. These products, often hydrocarbons, can release hazardous vapours and gases, and the off-gases can cause unconsciousness, serious injury or death. Stringent procedures must be put in place aimed at ensuring trucks are well maintained and operators are not only thoroughly trained but also understand the importance of constant vigilance to changing environmental conditions.
Vacuum trucks are tank trucks equipped with a high-powered vacuum pump that sucks up solids, fluids, sludge or slurry at high speed through a hose. In the oil patch, their central task is to clean up waste — contaminated soil and water, pipeline spills or the residue settled out at the bottom of a tank, which may include sand or paraffin wax — and transport it to a disposal site.
Another major use is hydro-vacuuming (the use of pressurized water to excavate and evacuate soil). In the oil industry, most vacuum trucks, called “combo vacs,” are equipped with hot water pressure washers that use steam to clean equipment, wash well heads, wash out tanks and clean up spills. Others also have a scrubber mounted to the truck. The scrubber, a dry granular substance, reacts chemically with hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and “scrubs” the explosive gases out of a product.
A range of hazards
Vacuum truck operators in the oil and gas industry face a range of hazards, says Budd Phillips, manager of prevention field services for Fort St. John at WorkSafeBC. One of the biggest risks is exposure to toxic gases. Workers are handling liquids that are toxic and corrosive, and dangerous fumes are released from the liquid waste of oil and gas wells as it is sucked up into the truck. One such gas is H2S, which in low levels can cause eye irritation, nausea and dizziness and in high levels can cause unconsciousness or death. Sometimes a chemical unexpectedly mixes with another to produce a harmful substance; for example, when hydrochloric acid is added to the residue of other products in a tank it can release fumes, which can be lethal.
Many of these vapours are also highly flammable and can produce fire or explosions. Combustible gases sometimes build up around vacuum operations. In other cases, product loaded in the truck may release flammable gases due to agitation during transportation.
“Then, when you go to dispose of it, you open up the hatch and you pour it out. If it’s not a controlled scenario with proper monitoring and the truck shut off, fires and explosions can occur,” Phillips says. “We’ve seen some catastrophic injuries where workers suffered life-altering burns from explosions when they were operating vac trucks.”
Moreover, workers who must go inside oil tanks to clean them are essentially entering a confined space, which is particularly hazardous because of possible toxic chemical residue. Vacuum truck work often requires people to work with substances under pressure: if a suction line carrying a hazardous product ruptures, any workers standing nearby may be sprayed.
Other risks stem from the need to work with hot water, which can leave workers burned or scalded. Vac truck operators also contend with extreme weather conditions and, because work continues around the clock, they often work in the dark with limited lighting.
The tanks on the trucks themselves can also be dangerous, Phillips says. The very large, heavy lids can hurt and crush workers. Drilling rig work involves long hours, so operators need to stay attentive to hours of service and avoid fatigue. Finally, driving presents risks.
“One of the highest risks in the oil and gas industry is driving from one workplace to another,” he says.
Maintaining a safe truck
Vacuum trucks require constant vigilance around maintenance to make sure truck equipment — valves, couplers, vacuum and conductive hoses and tank pressure and temperature gauges — are in proper working order.
A particular problem in a vacuum truck is parts overheating, says Marvin Ferriss, manager at Alida, Sask.-based Three Star Trucking, a crude oil transport company. When you run a vacuum pump, the compression of air creates a great deal of heat. The operator must ensure there is continuous flow through the vacuum system to keep it cool.
“If the flow goes static, you can actually create enough heat to cause an explosion. You have to consider that all the time,” he says.
Operators must also watch and maintain two other systems. One is the emergency valves.
“You’re hauling dangerous goods. All the valves on the truck are self-closing, so if there’s an incident where you hit something or there’s a rollover, the valves all close by themselves. You have to maintain that system,” Ferriss says.
The other system to watch carefully is the positive air shutdown system, required by the gassy atmosphere as well as the diesel engine.
“Your atmosphere itself could become the fuel. And if the engine gets a big gulp of this gas, it can run away and explode. So you have to maintain that system. Test it regularly to ensure it works,” Ferriss says.
Trucks must also have proper TDG (transportation of dangerous goods) placards in place to disclose what they’re carrying, Phillips says.
“That way, any emergency personnel who have to respond know by the coding what is on board the truck and what precautions they need to take.”
Vac trucks should be cleaned off regularly to get rid of oils, mud and paraffin wax that can impede the proper functioning of parts. The tank interior should be flushed out and kept clean of materials that could react with newly added waste liquids.
Prior to each job, operators should inspect the tank and pumping equipment to ensure they are in good condition.
Training and safe procedures
Phillips says workers need first to understand the hazards of operating a vac truck — including toxic vapours, ignition sources and fires and explosions — and be trained in procedures to safely handle the product, including proper methods of venting vacuum pump exhaust vapours.
Operators should be familiar with their trucks and how they operate and know the limitations: what they can pick up and safely handle and what could cause problems, he adds. They should understand proper maintenance and inspection procedures as set out by the manufacturer. Knowing how to drive safely with hazardous products and knowing not to drive when fatigued or impaired is important, too.
Workers must be trained in proper evacuation and rescue procedures if there’s a toxic gas leak. In case workers are exposed to toxic gas, first aid should be available nearby.
Before, and sometimes during operations, there should be continuous monitoring of air quality at areas where there may be toxic gases or hydrocarbon vapours in the flammable range, such as the discharge area of the vacuum truck venting hose. It is also important to monitor tank temperature gauges (to identify chemical reactions) and tank pressure gauges (to ensure correct pressure in receiving tanks and supply tanks). Tank level indicators should be monitored to avoid overfilling the tank.
One critical safe procedure that operators must follow is the requirement for proper disclosure, Phillips says. Sometimes, clients do not reveal the nature of the hazardous waste.
“There may be acids or other types of hazardous chemicals, and the full scope of the problem with the product doesn’t manifest itself until you’re transporting it,” he says. “We have had situations where operators have picked up a product, it gets agitated in the back of their unit and they find out that their valves, the fittings, aren’t compatible with the acids. So it eats its way through and starts to spill out as the truck is driving.”
Operators must be willing, he adds, to say no to a load if they believe they cannot safely handle it or if the client is unwilling to disclose the nature of the product.
Supervisors must provide vac truck operators and their assistants (swampers) with the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the task, which may include hard hats, safety glasses, boots, impact gloves, hearing protection and fall protection. Appropriate PPE will depend on the safety data sheet (SDS) for the product being carried. When using the hot water washer, workers need to guard against steam by wearing rain suits, rubber gloves, eye and hearing protection, face shields and rubber boots, Ferriss says.
Operators and swampers required to enter oil tanks must be equipped with a supplied air unit and a lower explosive limit (LEL) monitor for H2S, he adds. They should also be wearing a harness with a lanyard in case they need to be pulled out.
A job site analysis (JSA) is also a valuable tool for identifying hazards related to a specific job or work tasks.
“(The JSA) says you, as the operator, need to be engaged in what’s going on and you need to think. You can’t just be told what to do,” says Greg Campkin, general manager at Sundre, Alta.,-based Capital Pressure. “A huge portion of the day is spent on making sure everything is looked at before it happens, not dealing with it when it does.”
Once on site, the vacuum truck operator fills in the JSA and checks in with the supervisor, says Ken Elliott, the company’s vacuum services supervisor. The operator may be bringing new hazards onto the site, which could affect the people there and the job already underway. The supervisor needs to co-ordinate the vac truck operations and current job, and implement safety controls, if needed.
“Shell, Exxon Mobil, all the top oil companies, expect us to have all these JSAs in place, as well as to review them with others on site. So everyone on site has an understanding of what’s happening. Then, it’s signed off by a supervisor and nobody moves until procedures are in place,” says Elliott.
Vacuum trucks come under Transport Canada regulations regarding the transportation of dangerous goods, Phillips says. Many specifics are set out in CSA B620, B621 and B622. Vac trucks must be inspected and tested on a regular basis. Most trucks must undergo a visual and leak test every six months and be tested annually by a Transport Canada registered facility. Provincial occupational health and safety law on vac truck operation as well as motor vehicle regulations also apply.
An investigation into the flash fire incident in B.C. revealed it had been caused by an uncontrolled release of flammable vapours near a running truck engine, which became the ignition source. In addition to the failure to control an ignition source, investigators also found other underlying causes: an inadequate hazard assessment done by the facility just before the incident; the deficient design of the open hopper; and an unknowledgeable facility operator. He was unaware of the degree of the flammability hazard of the product in the pup tank.
“Vacuum truck operation is an inherently dangerous occupation,” Phillips says. “But it can be done safely if you follow appropriate procedures and practices.”
Linda Johnson is a freelance journalist based in Toronto. She can be reached at [email protected].
This article originally appeared in the October/November 2016 issue of COS.
Vacuum trucks are used extensively in the oil and gas industry to clean up and carry waste material. These products, often hydrocarbons, can release hazardous vapours and gases, and the off-gases can cause unconsciousness, serious injury or death. Stringent procedures must be put in place aimed at ensuring trucks are well maintained and operators are not only thoroughly trained but also understand the importance of constant vigilance to changing environmental conditions.
Vacuum trucks are tank trucks equipped with a high-powered vacuum pump that sucks up solids, fluids, sludge or slurry at high speed through a hose. In the oil patch, their central task is to clean up waste — contaminated soil and water, pipeline spills or the residue settled out at the bottom of a tank, which may include sand or paraffin wax — and transport it to a disposal site.
Another major use is hydro-vacuuming (the use of pressurized water to excavate and evacuate soil). In the oil industry, most vacuum trucks, called “combo vacs,” are equipped with hot water pressure washers that use steam to clean equipment, wash well heads, wash out tanks and clean up spills. Others also have a scrubber mounted to the truck. The scrubber, a dry granular substance, reacts chemically with hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and “scrubs” the explosive gases out of a product.
A range of hazards
Vacuum truck operators in the oil and gas industry face a range of hazards, says Budd Phillips, manager of prevention field services for Fort St. John at WorkSafeBC. One of the biggest risks is exposure to toxic gases. Workers are handling liquids that are toxic and corrosive, and dangerous fumes are released from the liquid waste of oil and gas wells as it is sucked up into the truck. One such gas is H2S, which in low levels can cause eye irritation, nausea and dizziness and in high levels can cause unconsciousness or death. Sometimes a chemical unexpectedly mixes with another to produce a harmful substance; for example, when hydrochloric acid is added to the residue of other products in a tank it can release fumes, which can be lethal.
Many of these vapours are also highly flammable and can produce fire or explosions. Combustible gases sometimes build up around vacuum operations. In other cases, product loaded in the truck may release flammable gases due to agitation during transportation.
“Then, when you go to dispose of it, you open up the hatch and you pour it out. If it’s not a controlled scenario with proper monitoring and the truck shut off, fires and explosions can occur,” Phillips says. “We’ve seen some catastrophic injuries where workers suffered life-altering burns from explosions when they were operating vac trucks.”
Moreover, workers who must go inside oil tanks to clean them are essentially entering a confined space, which is particularly hazardous because of possible toxic chemical residue. Vacuum truck work often requires people to work with substances under pressure: if a suction line carrying a hazardous product ruptures, any workers standing nearby may be sprayed.
Other risks stem from the need to work with hot water, which can leave workers burned or scalded. Vac truck operators also contend with extreme weather conditions and, because work continues around the clock, they often work in the dark with limited lighting.
The tanks on the trucks themselves can also be dangerous, Phillips says. The very large, heavy lids can hurt and crush workers. Drilling rig work involves long hours, so operators need to stay attentive to hours of service and avoid fatigue. Finally, driving presents risks.
“One of the highest risks in the oil and gas industry is driving from one workplace to another,” he says.
Maintaining a safe truck
Vacuum trucks require constant vigilance around maintenance to make sure truck equipment — valves, couplers, vacuum and conductive hoses and tank pressure and temperature gauges — are in proper working order.
A particular problem in a vacuum truck is parts overheating, says Marvin Ferriss, manager at Alida, Sask.-based Three Star Trucking, a crude oil transport company. When you run a vacuum pump, the compression of air creates a great deal of heat. The operator must ensure there is continuous flow through the vacuum system to keep it cool.
“If the flow goes static, you can actually create enough heat to cause an explosion. You have to consider that all the time,” he says.
Operators must also watch and maintain two other systems. One is the emergency valves.
“You’re hauling dangerous goods. All the valves on the truck are self-closing, so if there’s an incident where you hit something or there’s a rollover, the valves all close by themselves. You have to maintain that system,” Ferriss says.
The other system to watch carefully is the positive air shutdown system, required by the gassy atmosphere as well as the diesel engine.
“Your atmosphere itself could become the fuel. And if the engine gets a big gulp of this gas, it can run away and explode. So you have to maintain that system. Test it regularly to ensure it works,” Ferriss says.
Trucks must also have proper TDG (transportation of dangerous goods) placards in place to disclose what they’re carrying, Phillips says.
“That way, any emergency personnel who have to respond know by the coding what is on board the truck and what precautions they need to take.”
Vac trucks should be cleaned off regularly to get rid of oils, mud and paraffin wax that can impede the proper functioning of parts. The tank interior should be flushed out and kept clean of materials that could react with newly added waste liquids.
Prior to each job, operators should inspect the tank and pumping equipment to ensure they are in good condition.
Training and safe procedures
Phillips says workers need first to understand the hazards of operating a vac truck — including toxic vapours, ignition sources and fires and explosions — and be trained in procedures to safely handle the product, including proper methods of venting vacuum pump exhaust vapours.
Operators should be familiar with their trucks and how they operate and know the limitations: what they can pick up and safely handle and what could cause problems, he adds. They should understand proper maintenance and inspection procedures as set out by the manufacturer. Knowing how to drive safely with hazardous products and knowing not to drive when fatigued or impaired is important, too.
Workers must be trained in proper evacuation and rescue procedures if there’s a toxic gas leak. In case workers are exposed to toxic gas, first aid should be available nearby.
Before, and sometimes during operations, there should be continuous monitoring of air quality at areas where there may be toxic gases or hydrocarbon vapours in the flammable range, such as the discharge area of the vacuum truck venting hose. It is also important to monitor tank temperature gauges (to identify chemical reactions) and tank pressure gauges (to ensure correct pressure in receiving tanks and supply tanks). Tank level indicators should be monitored to avoid overfilling the tank.
One critical safe procedure that operators must follow is the requirement for proper disclosure, Phillips says. Sometimes, clients do not reveal the nature of the hazardous waste.
“There may be acids or other types of hazardous chemicals, and the full scope of the problem with the product doesn’t manifest itself until you’re transporting it,” he says. “We have had situations where operators have picked up a product, it gets agitated in the back of their unit and they find out that their valves, the fittings, aren’t compatible with the acids. So it eats its way through and starts to spill out as the truck is driving.”
Operators must be willing, he adds, to say no to a load if they believe they cannot safely handle it or if the client is unwilling to disclose the nature of the product.
Supervisors must provide vac truck operators and their assistants (swampers) with the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the task, which may include hard hats, safety glasses, boots, impact gloves, hearing protection and fall protection. Appropriate PPE will depend on the safety data sheet (SDS) for the product being carried. When using the hot water washer, workers need to guard against steam by wearing rain suits, rubber gloves, eye and hearing protection, face shields and rubber boots, Ferriss says.
Operators and swampers required to enter oil tanks must be equipped with a supplied air unit and a lower explosive limit (LEL) monitor for H2S, he adds. They should also be wearing a harness with a lanyard in case they need to be pulled out.
A job site analysis (JSA) is also a valuable tool for identifying hazards related to a specific job or work tasks.
“(The JSA) says you, as the operator, need to be engaged in what’s going on and you need to think. You can’t just be told what to do,” says Greg Campkin, general manager at Sundre, Alta.,-based Capital Pressure. “A huge portion of the day is spent on making sure everything is looked at before it happens, not dealing with it when it does.”
Once on site, the vacuum truck operator fills in the JSA and checks in with the supervisor, says Ken Elliott, the company’s vacuum services supervisor. The operator may be bringing new hazards onto the site, which could affect the people there and the job already underway. The supervisor needs to co-ordinate the vac truck operations and current job, and implement safety controls, if needed.
“Shell, Exxon Mobil, all the top oil companies, expect us to have all these JSAs in place, as well as to review them with others on site. So everyone on site has an understanding of what’s happening. Then, it’s signed off by a supervisor and nobody moves until procedures are in place,” says Elliott.
Vacuum trucks come under Transport Canada regulations regarding the transportation of dangerous goods, Phillips says. Many specifics are set out in CSA B620, B621 and B622. Vac trucks must be inspected and tested on a regular basis. Most trucks must undergo a visual and leak test every six months and be tested annually by a Transport Canada registered facility. Provincial occupational health and safety law on vac truck operation as well as motor vehicle regulations also apply.
An investigation into the flash fire incident in B.C. revealed it had been caused by an uncontrolled release of flammable vapours near a running truck engine, which became the ignition source. In addition to the failure to control an ignition source, investigators also found other underlying causes: an inadequate hazard assessment done by the facility just before the incident; the deficient design of the open hopper; and an unknowledgeable facility operator. He was unaware of the degree of the flammability hazard of the product in the pup tank.
“Vacuum truck operation is an inherently dangerous occupation,” Phillips says. “But it can be done safely if you follow appropriate procedures and practices.”
Linda Johnson is a freelance journalist based in Toronto. She can be reached at [email protected].
This article originally appeared in the October/November 2016 issue of COS.
